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Jul 8, 2013
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多硬盘分区管理fdisk

ubuntu实用工具系列文章

操作系统实用工具系列文章，将介绍基于Linux ubuntu的各种工具软件的配置和使用。有些工具大家早已耳熟能详，有些工具经常用到但确依然陌生。我将记录我在使用操作系统时，安装及配置工具上面的一些方法，把使用心得记录下来也便于自己的以后查找和回忆。

关于作者

张丹(Conan), 程序员Java,R,PHP,Javascript
weibo：@Conan_Z
blog: http://blog.fens.me
email: bsspirit@gmail.com

转载请注明出处：
http://blog.fens.me/linux-fdisk/

fdisk

前言

硬盘是一台计算机的必备硬件之一，计算机如何开始使用硬盘资源就要从硬盘分区说起。开始时，一台计算机只有一块硬盘，在安装Linux Ubuntu时，第一步就是对硬盘进行分区。当我们已经安装操作系统，硬盘空间不够的时候，我们需要增加新的硬盘扩大使用空间，特别是对于虚拟化的主机，这种增加新的硬盘就变得有一些不一样了，要手动进行处理。

我在做测试的走进了一个误区中，一直对subpartition这个概念不太理解，纠结于sdb2p1,sdb2p1这样的分区命名。经过几次测试后，才发现，问题出现是因为对操作系统的不理解，以至于在互联网上都找找不太多相关问题的讨论。下面我就介绍一下，我的误区及如何找到正确的方法。

目录

  1. 分区的基本知识
  2. 新增硬盘分区，走入误区
  3. 完成对新增硬盘分区及挂载

1. 分区的基本知识

a. 硬盘分类及标识：IDE,SATA,SCSI三个大类

硬盘与标识对应关系如下表所示：

装置装置在Linux内的文件名
IDE硬盘机/dev/hd[a-d]
SCSI/SATA/USB硬盘机/dev/sd[a-p]
USB快闪碟/dev/sd[a-p](与SATA不同)
软盘驱动器/dev/fd[0-1]
打印机25针: /dev/lp[0-2]

USB: /dev/usb/lp[0-15]

鼠标PS2: /dev/psaux

USB: /dev/usb/mouse[0-15]

当前CDROM/DVDROM/dev/cdrom
当前的鼠标/dev/mouse

上面表格摘自：http://blog.csdn.net/zollty/article/details/7001950

可以看到我现在硬盘有sda标识，物理上是一个SAS硬盘，300G。


~ sudo fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 299.4 GB, 299439751168 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36404 cylinders, total 584843264 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000efd7c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1            2048    97656831    48827392   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda2        97656832   136718335    19530752   83  Linux
/dev/sda3       136718336   214843335    39062500   83  Linux
/dev/sda4   *   214843392   215037951       97280   83  Linux

b. 硬盘构成：磁头(head)，磁道(track)，磁柱(cylinder)，扇区(setor)
在互联网上可以很容易找到解释，我就不细说了。

我们在分区的时修改要能看懂硬盘信息就够了。


Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

硬盘信息：
/dev/sdb，1999.3 GB，255个磁头，63个磁道，243068个磁柱，3904897024个扇区。

c. 硬盘的分区
关于linux硬盘的分区主要分为 基本分区（primary partion）和扩充分区(extension partion)两种，基本分区和扩充分区的数目之和不能大于4个。基本分区可以直接使用但不能再分区。扩充分区必须再进行二次分区才能使用。需要对扩充分区建立逻辑分区（logical partion），逻辑分区没有数量上限制。

所以，对于新增硬盘来说，如果我们只有4个及以下的分区要求，可以直接用基本分区完成。如果1T的硬盘想分成6个区，就需要用扩充分区+逻辑分区来实现。

2. 新增硬盘分区，走入误区

我现在外接了两块SATA 7200转硬盘，分为都是1T的。重新计算机可以看硬盘信息。


~ sudo fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 299.4 GB, 299439751168 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36404 cylinders, total 584843264 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000efd7c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1            2048    97656831    48827392   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda2        97656832   136718335    19530752   83  Linux
/dev/sda3       136718336   214843335    39062500   83  Linux
/dev/sda4   *   214843392   215037951       97280   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      1952448512  3904892927   976222208    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

两块硬盘，分别挂载到了/dev/sdb1，/dev/sdb2。下面我们对/dev/sdb2硬盘进行处理。

/dev/sdb2还没有进行分区。


~ fdisk -l /dev/sdb2

Disk /dev/sdb2: 999.7 GB, 999651540992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121534 cylinders, total 1952444416 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

Disk /dev/sdb2 doesn't contain a valid partition table

注意下面是进入误区的思考：

对sdb2进行磁盘分区规划：


/         50G
/extends  750G
  /ext1   150G
  /ext2   150G
  /ext3   150G
  /ext4   150G
  /ext5   150G

开始进行分区


~ sudo fdisk  /dev/sdb2
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x6e28e6e6.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)

创建第一个基本分区/，大小为50G， 50*1024*1024*1024/512+2048=104859648


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
Using default value 1
First sector (2048-1952444415, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1952444415, default 1952444415): 104859648

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb2: 999.7 GB, 999651540992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121534 cylinders, total 1952444416 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x44198dad

     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb2p1            2048   104859648    52428800+  83  Linux

创建第二个扩充分区750G，750*1024*1024*1024/512+104859648=1677723648


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): e
Partition number (1-4, default 2):
Using default value 2
First sector (104859649-1952444415, default 104859649):
Using default value 104859649
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (104859649-1952444415, default 1952444415): 1677723648

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb2: 999.7 GB, 999651540992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121534 cylinders, total 1952444416 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x44198dad

     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb2p1            2048   104859648    52428800+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p2       104859649  1677723648   786432000    5  Extended

创建逻辑分区1， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+104861697=419434497


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (104861697-1677723648, default 104861697):
Using default value 104861697
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (104861697-1677723648, default 1677723648): 419434497

创建逻辑分区2， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+419436546=734009346
创建逻辑分区3， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+734009346=1048582146
创建逻辑分区4， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+1048582146=1363154946
创建逻辑分区5， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+1363154946=1677723648

查看分区结果


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb2: 999.7 GB, 999651540992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121534 cylinders, total 1952444416 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x44198dad

     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb2p1            2048   104859648    52428800+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p2       104859649  1677723648   786432000    5  Extended
/dev/sdb2p5       104861697   419434497   157286400+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p6       419436546   734009346   157286400+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p7       734011395  1048582146   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p8      1048584195  1363154946   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p9      1363156995  1677723648   157283327   83  Linux

退出保存


Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 22: Invalid argument.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

更新内核分区表
不用重启系统，更新内核分区表

sudo partprobe

用fdisk查看新建的分区


~ sudo fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 299.4 GB, 299439751168 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36404 cylinders, total 584843264 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000efd7c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1            2048    97656831    48827392   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda2        97656832   136718335    19530752   83  Linux
/dev/sda3       136718336   214843335    39062500   83  Linux
/dev/sda4   *   214843392   215037951       97280   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      1952448512  3904892927   976222208    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

这个时候，相信大家已经发现问题了，新建的分区完全没有生效。

对硬盘sdb2使用fdisk查看分区


~ fdisk -l /dev/sdb2

Disk /dev/sdb2: 999.7 GB, 999651540992 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121534 cylinders, total 1952444416 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x44198dad

     Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb2p1            2048   104859648    52428800+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p2       104859649  1677723648   786432000    5  Extended
/dev/sdb2p5       104861697   419434497   157286400+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p6       419436546   734009346   157286400+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p7       734011395  1048582146   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p8      1048584195  1363154946   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2p9      1363156995  1677723648   157283327   83  Linux

为什么会这样的？网上查了一下，一些朋友也遇到了这样的情况。他们把sdb2p1的这种分区叫做子分区subpartition。

操作系统不明白，为什么要在sdb2的分区上再创建sdb2p1子分区。但当时我也不明白，如果我想把一块新的硬盘分区后再使用应该如何进行。其实，这种纠结的想法，原于对操作系统的不了解，导致了明白的人不会出现这种错误，出现这种错误的人找不到明白的解释。

跳出子分区的概念，我们应该如何操作呢！

3. 完成对新增硬盘分区及挂载

上面的错误在于，我们不应该对/dev/sdb2硬盘分区，而是对/dev/sdb进行分区。


Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      1952448512  3904892927   976222208    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

操作系统已经把两块新增加的硬盘，识别为了/dev/sdb，这个时候我们只需要删除原有的/dev/sdb2基本分区，重建为扩充分区，然后再按要求做逻辑分区就可以了。

删除sdb2分区，重建为扩充分区/dev/sdb2


~ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4): 2

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): e
Partition number (1-4, default 2):
Using default value 2
First sector (1952448512-3904897023, default 1952448512):
Using default value 1952448512
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1952448512-3904897023, default 3904897023):
Using default value 3904897023

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      1952448512  3904897023   976224256    5  Extended

重新规划分区：

创建逻辑分区1， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+1952450560=2267023360
创建逻辑分区2， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+2267023360=2581596160
创建逻辑分区3， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+2581596160=2896168960
创建逻辑分区4， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+2896168960=3210741760
创建逻辑分区5， 150G， 150*1024*1024*1024/512+3210741760=3525314560
创建逻辑分区6， 189G， 剩余空间


Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      1952448512  3904897023   976224256    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5      1952450560  2267023360   157286400+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb6      2267025409  2581596160   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7      2581598209  2896168960   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb8      2896171009  3210741760   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb9      3210743809  3525314560   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb10     3525316609  3904897023   189790207+  83  Linux

保存退出


Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

更新内核分区表
sudo partprobe

查看新建的分区

ls /dev/sdb
sdb    sdb1   sdb10  sdb2   sdb5   sdb6   sdb7   sdb8   sdb9

格式化分区


sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb5
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb6
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb7
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb8
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb9
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb10

挂载分区


~ sudo mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb5 /disk/sdb5
~ ls /disk/sdb5
lost+found

查看最终的分区效果


cos@delta:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for cos:

Disk /dev/sda: 299.4 GB, 299439751168 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 36404 cylinders, total 584843264 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000efd7c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1            2048    97656831    48827392   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda2        97656832   136718335    19530752   83  Linux
/dev/sda3       136718336   214843335    39062500   83  Linux
/dev/sda4   *   214843392   215037951       97280   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 1999.3 GB, 1999307276288 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243068 cylinders, total 3904897024 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xf919a976

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048  1952448511   976223232    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2      1952448512  3904897023   976224256    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5      1952450560  2267023360   157286400+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb6      2267025409  2581596160   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb7      2581598209  2896168960   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb8      2896171009  3210741760   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb9      3210743809  3525314560   157285376   83  Linux
/dev/sdb10     3525316609  3904897023   189790207+  83  Linux

完成对/dev/sdb2硬盘的分区操作。

希望帮助和我一样走入到误区的朋友吧。

转载请注明出处：
http://blog.fens.me/linux-fdisk/

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Nicolas

貌似大容量硬盘采用的GPT分区不再有主分区和扩展分区的概念了吧？

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Conan Zhang

之前有一块硬盘就是GPT的，没搞明白原理，也没有时间再去学习这块知识，还放着呢。等系统需要扩容的时候，再去研究了。

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